Pragmatics is the study of the
context-dependent aspects of meaning which are systematically abstracted away
from in construction of “logical for”. Its seeks to characteristic the features
of the speech context which help determined which proposition is expressed by
given sentence. The meaning of a sentence can be regarded as a functions from a
context (including time, place, and possible world) into a proposition, where a
propositions is a functions from a possible world into truth value. Pragmatic
aspects of meaning involve the interaction between an expression’s context of
utterance and the interpretation of elemen within that expression.
According
in different definition
-
Pracmatic
is the study of speaker meaning
Its
concerned with the study of meaning as communicated by speaker and interpreted
by listener.
-
Pracmatic
is the study of contextual meaning
It involves interpretation of what people mean in a
particular context and how the context influences what is said.
-
Pracmatic
is the study of how more gets communicated than is said
This type of study explores how great deal of what is
unsaid is recognized as part of what is communicated.
-
Pracmatic
is the study of the expression of relative distance
On
the assumption of how close and distant the listener is speakers determine how
much needs be said.
B. TOPICS IN PRAGMATICS
1. Presupposition
Is
necessary condition on the truth or false of statements, restriction on the
common ground, the set of propositions constituting the current context. Presupposition is something the
speaker assumes to be the case prior to making an utterance.
Example : ”Mary’s brother bought
three horses”
Presupposition - Mary exist
-
She has a brother
- She has
only one brother
- he has lot
of money
Types of Presuppositin
Type
|
Example
|
presupposition
|
Existential
|
The dog
Your car
|
Dog exists
You have a car
|
Factive
|
She
didn’t realize he was ill
I
am glad that its over
|
He
was ill
Its
over
|
Non-Factive
|
I dreamed that I was rich
He pretended to be happy
|
I was not rich
He wasn’t happy
|
Lexical
|
He
was smoking
He
managed to escape
|
He
used to smoke
He
tried to escape
|
Structural
|
When did she leave?
Where did you buy the bike ?
|
She left
You bought the bike
|
Counterfactual
|
If
you were my friend you would have help me
If
I weren’t ill I would have gone to school
|
You
are not my friend
I
am ill
|
2. Implicature
It
means more being communicated than is said. Conversational implicature a meaning or message that is implicated
in a conversation. When people oversay (or say more of ) or undersay (say less
of ) something, they produce certain extra meaning or meanings beyond the
literal meanings of words and sentences. This extra meaning is conversationally
dependent, hence conversation implicature.
Conversational
Implicature
An
implicature may also be seen as an indirect way of expressing oneself.
Example
1
“he
is study in Uniska, because of that he is brave and handsome”
In
this utterarane, speaker doesn’t tell that the kind of brave and handsome
person is a kind of person who study in Uniska, but he is show that there is a
relation in that utterane, so the implication menaning is the person who
doesn’t study in uniska is ugly.
Example
2
“The
coffee is already serve, sir!“
Some
people think in that utterance show the coffe is already serve, but the
actually meaning is the coffee is already and you can drink it
3. Reference
Reference is thought as an act in
which a speaker, or writer, uses linguistic
forms
to enable a listener, or reader, to identify something.
Example
:
A
: Can I borrow your Shakespeare?
B
: Yeah, it’s over there on the table
Context
:
One
student ask another
Intended
referent and inferred referent is not a person, probably a book
A
: Where’s the cheese sandwich sitting?
B
: He’s over there by the window.
Context
:
In
a restaurant, one waiter brings the order of food another waiter and
asks
him
Referent
is person, not the thing
A
: Brazil wins World Cup
B
: Japan wins first round of trade talks
Context
:
News
paper headlines
Referent
in first one is soccer team, not government
Referent
in second one is government, not the soccer team
4. Deixis
Reference by means of an expression whose
interpretation is relative to the linguistic context of the utterance, such as
who is speaking,to whom, what status does the intereaction partcipants have,
what relation do they have, the time or place of speaking, the gestures of the
speaker, or the current location in the discourse.
In different source, deixis is a pointing via language
There
are three of deixis :
a. Personal Deixis
Personal
deixis concerns the encoding of the participants in the speech event in which
the utterance in question is delivered.
“She
wants to get the best score in the final exam”
b. Time Deixis
Time
deixis makes ultimate reference to participant-role, so it is important to
distinguish the moment of utterance from the moment of reception
“Tomorrow
is Sunday”
“I
saw him last week”
c. Place Deixis
Place
deixis concerns the encoding of spatial locations relative to the location of
the participants in the speech.
“There
you go”
5. Speech Act
Any
of the acts that a speaker performs when making an utterance or performing
actions via utterance. Speech acts can be command, complaint, invitation,
promise, request etc.
Speech
acts include :
1. Locution ( basic on utterance )
2. Illocution ( particular intention
on utterance )
3 Perlocution ( effect on the hearer
)
Example
:
“mom,
may I ask some money”
Locution
: basic act of utterance
Illocution
: the speaker want to ask for money
Perlocution
: the hearer (mother) will give the speaker money or the other way
CONCLUSION
-
Human mind is creative
-
Languages are very powerfull
-
This can lead to very contexts, and situations
-
Pragmatic play an important role here ( in laguanges )