Apa itu Diglosia? What is Diglosia? : Makalah Tentang Diglosia --
CHAPTER
I
INTRODUCTION
1.1
The
Background of Diglossia
In sociaty life, human
being have a meaning of communication and interaction is a language.
Actually, people can also use communications tools other than language.
However, it seems that language is a communication tool that is best, most
perfect compared to other means of communication, such as communication tools
used by animals. In any communication, people are interdependent deliver
information that can be thoughts, ideas, intentions, feelings, and emotions
directly so there is interaction between the public good.
Closed
society, which is not touched by another speech community, either because they
are too distant remote or on purpose do not want to deal with another speech
community, the community says it will remain a speech community are static and
remain a monolingual society. Instead, the speech community that is open,
meaning that having a relationship with another speech society will certainly
have what is called a contact language with all the events of language as a
result. Linguistic events that may occur as a result of language contact is
what is inside sociolingistic called bilingualism and diglossia.
The
Indonesian archipelago has a variety of language very much. Because many tribes in Indonesia which has a different language,
is what allows people of Indonesia have and use more than one language. Use of
more than one language is called bilingualism and language users more than one
language is called bilingual. Nevertheless, Indonesia has only one language
which is then used as the national language is Indonesian.
.
1.2
Problem
Identification
1.
What is Diaglossia ?
2.
What is Bilingualism ?
3.
What is Multilingualism?
1.3
Purpose
- The student know about
Diaglossia.
- The student know about
Bilingualism.
- The student know about Multilingualism.
CHAPTER
II
DISCUSSION
A.
Diglossia
1.
Definition of Diglossia
Issues regarding bilingualism would feel intimately with
the linguistic development of Indonesian society. This is because the
Indonesian people use more than one language, which is their native language
(vernacular) and the Indonesian language as the national language. The use of
the local language as well as the use of the first language, while the use of
Indonesian also known as the use of a second language. The use of language as
it is referred to as diglossia (Aslinda, et al., 2007: 26).
The word comes from the French diglossie, once used by
Marcais, a lingu France: but the term was made famous in the study sociolinguistic after being used by a swarjana from Stanford
University, the C.A. Ferguson 1958 in a symposium on "Urbanization and
standard languages" organized by the American Anthropological Association
in Washington, DC. Ferguson then made even more famous the term with an article
entitled " diglossia ".
Ferguson used the term diglossia to declare a state of a
society in which there are two variations of a language which coexist and each
has a specific role. According to Ferguson's diglossia definition is:
1. Diglossia is a
relatively stable language situation, where in addition there are a number of
major dialects of one language, there are also a variety of others.
2. The main dialects of which, it could be a standard
dialect, or a regional standard.
3. Variety others it has the characteristics:
· Already codified
· More complex grammatical
· It is a vehicle for literary writing is very spacious and respected
· Learned through formal education
· Used mainly in written language and spoken language formal
· Not use in everyday conversation
· Already codified
· More complex grammatical
· It is a vehicle for literary writing is very spacious and respected
· Learned through formal education
· Used mainly in written language and spoken language formal
· Not use in everyday conversation
Diglossia is described by Ferguson by pointing to the
nine topics:
- Function, is a very important criterion diglossia. According to Ferguson
preformance, diglosis there are two variations of a single
language: the first variation called high dialect (H), and the second is called a low dialect (L).
- Prestige, in diglosis speakers people usually consider a dialect H is more prestigious, more superior, more respected,
and is a logical language. While the L dialect is considered inferior, even some who deny
its existence.
- Heritage Literature, three of the four languages used Ferguson as an
example there is a variety of literature in which H is used and respected by the people of that
language.
- Acquisition, variance H is obtained by learning in formal education, while
the range of L is obtained from the association with the family
and their peers.
- Standardization, for a wide range of H is seen as prestigious, it is not surprising that
the standardization carried out on the H diversity through formal
condification.
- Stability, stability in society diglosis usually longs
tanding where there is a
variation of the language that preserved its existence in the society.
- Grammar, Ferguson believes that a wide variety of H and L preformance diglossia are forms of the same
language. However, in the grammar is apparently a difference.
- Lexicon, most of the vocabulary in a wide variety of H and L are the same. However, there is a wide vocabulary
in H that there is no partner on a variety of L, or vice versa, there is a wide vocabulary L is no partner on a variety of H.
- Phonological, in the field of phonology field there is a
difference in structure between a wide variety of H and L. This difference could be too close.
At the end of the article Ferguson stated that a society diglossia can survive in a long time despite the "pressures" that can be lost. The pressure was, among others, (1) improve literacy skills and verbal communication widespread in the country; (2) the increasing use of written language; (3) the development of nationalism with the wishes of the existence of a national language as a symbol of a nation nationality.
Also at issue, variety which will be elected as the national language, variety
H or variety L. In this case there are two possibilities. First, the
range L may
be the national language because the variety that is used in the community. Second,
the range H which will be the national language or standard language, provided that
(1) variance H that has become the standard language in some communities, (2) if the
public diglosis it merges with another society.
B.
Bilingualism
To
be able to use two languages of course one must master both languages. First,
his own mother tongue or first language (abbreviated L1), and the second is
another language that became their second language (L2 abbreviated).
The term bilingualism is a term whose meaning is relative. Relativation arises due to restrictions multilingual someone called arbitrary and almost can not be determined with certainty. Early bilingualism defined as the ability to use two languages equally well by a speaker, but this opinion is increasingly unpopular because of the criteria for determining the extent to which a speaker can use the language as good as there is no basis so difficult to quantify and hardly able do (Suwito, 1983: 40).
The term bilingualism is a term whose meaning is relative. Relativation arises due to restrictions multilingual someone called arbitrary and almost can not be determined with certainty. Early bilingualism defined as the ability to use two languages equally well by a speaker, but this opinion is increasingly unpopular because of the criteria for determining the extent to which a speaker can use the language as good as there is no basis so difficult to quantify and hardly able do (Suwito, 1983: 40).
There
are some experts who explain about the notion of bilingualism. One is Weinrich
(Aslinda, et al., 2007: 23), he mentions bilingualism as 'The practice of
alternately using two language', ie the habit of using two or more languages
interchangeably. In the use of two languages or more, if you see the sense
according to Weinrich, the speaker is not required to master both languages
with equal fluency. This means that a second language is not controlled
smoothly as well as mastery of the first language. However, the use of a second
language would only limited use as a result of individuals familiar with the
language.
The
above is not in line with the understanding of bilingualism in Bloomfield
(Chaer, 2004: 85), which suggests that bilingualism is a native like control of
two languages. According Bloomfiled knows two languages means being able to
use two well-code system. Opinion Bloomfiled are not approved or are still many
questionable because of the terms of native like control of two languages
means that every language can be used in every state with smoothness and accuracy are the same
as the first language used speakers.
In
addition to two terms according to two experts in the above, there is also a
Diebold (Chaer, 2004: 86) that mentions the existence of bilingualism in the
early stages (incipient bilingualism). According to Diebold, the initial level
of bilingualism is' ... that bilingualism experienced by people, especially by
children who are learning a second language at the initial stage. At this stage
of bilingualism still simple and in low levels'.
If
you look at the statement Diebold, really would if bilingualism is widely used
by people is bilingualism at an early stage. In the daily activities of course
we unconsciously almost always implement bilingualism in early stages of this.
However, most people today tend not master both languages are used
appropriately.
Additionally, Chaer (2004: 86) cites the opinion of Lado that bilingualism is the ability to use language by someone just as good or almost as good, which technically refers to the knowledge of two languages no matter what level. The Lado opinion feels supported the statement Diebold about incipient bilingualism, because Lado did not mention as Bloomfiled that someone who embraces bilingualism mastery of the language of both should be the same as the first language being used.
Furthermore, Mackey and Fishman (Chaer, 2004: 87), states unequivocally that bilingualism is the practice of the use of language in turn, from one language to another language, by a speaker. According to Mackey and Fishman, in discussing bilingualism covered some sense, such as problem-level, function, exchange / code switching, mixing / code-mixing, interference, and integration. Definition of bilingualism according to Fishman Mackey and this is considered very relevant for writers.
Additionally, Chaer (2004: 86) cites the opinion of Lado that bilingualism is the ability to use language by someone just as good or almost as good, which technically refers to the knowledge of two languages no matter what level. The Lado opinion feels supported the statement Diebold about incipient bilingualism, because Lado did not mention as Bloomfiled that someone who embraces bilingualism mastery of the language of both should be the same as the first language being used.
Furthermore, Mackey and Fishman (Chaer, 2004: 87), states unequivocally that bilingualism is the practice of the use of language in turn, from one language to another language, by a speaker. According to Mackey and Fishman, in discussing bilingualism covered some sense, such as problem-level, function, exchange / code switching, mixing / code-mixing, interference, and integration. Definition of bilingualism according to Fishman Mackey and this is considered very relevant for writers.
Some
understanding of bilingualism by some experts in the above, the general concept
of bilingualism is the use of two languages alternately by a speaker in
interaction with others. This is certainly going to cause some problems. The
problems included the following complete with description.
a. The level of a person's ability to be L2 (L1 can certainly be controlled properly) so that he can be called as a bilingual. Bilingualism is a tiered rentangn begun to master L1, L2 will then know a little bit, followed by a tiered L2 mastery increases, until the master as well as L1 L2.
b. Understanding the language in bilingualism was very spacious, in terms of the language langue, such as Javanese and Madurese, to be a dialect or variety of a language, such as Java language and the Java language dialect Surabaya dialect Banyumas.
c. The right time to use B1 and B2 should use depends on the speaker, the topic of conversation, and social situations talks. Thus, the use of L1 and L2 are not free.
d. L1 L2 a bilingualis could affect her or vice versa. This issue is a matter of using that language fluency and a chance to use it.
e. Bilingualism can occur in individuals and in groups.
a. The level of a person's ability to be L2 (L1 can certainly be controlled properly) so that he can be called as a bilingual. Bilingualism is a tiered rentangn begun to master L1, L2 will then know a little bit, followed by a tiered L2 mastery increases, until the master as well as L1 L2.
b. Understanding the language in bilingualism was very spacious, in terms of the language langue, such as Javanese and Madurese, to be a dialect or variety of a language, such as Java language and the Java language dialect Surabaya dialect Banyumas.
c. The right time to use B1 and B2 should use depends on the speaker, the topic of conversation, and social situations talks. Thus, the use of L1 and L2 are not free.
d. L1 L2 a bilingualis could affect her or vice versa. This issue is a matter of using that language fluency and a chance to use it.
e. Bilingualism can occur in individuals and in groups.
C.
Multilingualism
The term "bilingualism" (bilingualism) is often
considered synonymous with the term "multilingualism", which is the
term used to describe the state of the use of more than one language by
individuals, groups, or communities (regional,national, nation, and state).
Multilingualism refers to the depiction of a speaker who
master more than two languages, the language can be three, or four, even five
languages at once. Its use is similar to bilingualism, which is to know when
and where a language to be used. For example, the Javanese, in addition to the
Java language (as a mother tongue), also can speak Bahasa Indonesia as L2, and
English as L3, even some who can speak Japanese, Dutch, and so on.
CLOSING
3.1
Conclussion
Bilingualism
that is associated with the use of two languages or two of code language.
Generally in sociolinguistics, bilingualism is defined as the use of two
languages by a speaker in interaction with others in turn. Diglossia comes from
the French, diglossie. Diglossia used to represent a community that there are
two variations of a language which coexist and each has a specific character.
Baca juga : pengertian clause of contrast l